煤矸石充填复垦地理化特性与重金属分布特征

为研究煤矸石充填复垦地农作物产量达到最佳时的覆土厚度及煤矸石充填复垦地重金属分布状况,该文以新庄孜矿煤矸石充填复垦地作为研究对象,采取室外田间小区试验和室内试验分析方法,选取不同覆土厚度50~60,60~70,70~80,80~90 cm的4类试验地块及对照地块对其土壤理化性质及农作物根系分布、长势产量、重金属元素含量进行调查分析,发现复垦地块各项指标与对照地块差异显著,劣于对照地块;煤矸石充填基质土壤理化性质较差;70~80 cm的厚度是煤矸石充填复垦造地较经济合理的覆土厚度。煤矸石复垦地重金属元素有向上迁移的趋势;复垦土壤及煤矸石基质中Pb、Zn、Cr元素含量处于安全水平;大部分监测的Cu、Ni、Cd元素含量高于淮南土壤背景值,低于中国土壤环境质量标准二级标准,对复垦土壤已构成潜在的威胁性,应予以重视;覆土厚度50~60 cm地块的煤矸石基质中Cu、Ni元素含量处于安全水平,煤矸石基质中Cd元素含量高于淮南土壤土壤背景值,低于中国土壤环境质量标准二级标准,应予以重视。结果表明70~80 cm的厚度是煤矸石充填复垦造地最佳覆土厚度;新庄孜煤矸石充填复垦地重金属有向上迁移的趋势,复垦土壤中重金属含量符合国家二级标准,未出现重金属污染情况,但部分重金属元素含量高于淮南市土壤背景值,应予以重视。     

西南山区采煤塌陷对水田土壤物理性质的影响

为探讨西南山区采煤塌陷对水田土壤物理性质的影响及受损水田复垦途径,通过野外试验与室内测定方法分析了水田受损前后土壤物理性质的变化,结果表明:1)0~40 cm受损水田土壤容重显著增加,含水率、孔隙度(0~20 cm旱地1、2除外)显著下降;0~60 cm土壤垂直剖面除含水量干化趋同外,构型及演替规律未发生变化;2)水田受损后黏粒含量与成土母质密切相关:0~20 cm土层中0.005 mm黏粒含量高低呈现旱地3(泥页岩风化物)旱地1(泥页岩+灰岩风化物)旱地2(泥页岩+灰岩+砂岩风化物)变化,水耕历史较长、受损漏失严重的水田土壤黏粒(0.005 mm)质量分数均值分布自上而下累积增加;3)试验点土壤剖面构型、成土母质是造成渗透流量和渗透速度随累计时间增加呈减小趋势和波动与趋稳现象的主要原因,采煤塌陷并未对土壤包气带层渗水性产生严重影响;4)根据试验数据分析结果,研究区受损水田复垦可优先选择泥页岩、灰岩风化物沉积区、水耕历史较长、渗透系数小于3 m/d的沟谷区进行。该研究可为研究区采煤塌陷对水田土壤物理性质的影响提供系统诊断依据,并为受损水田复垦提供有效途径。     

不同地点和复垦方式煤矸石山土壤中丛枝菌根真菌群落变化

以山西省大同市晋华宫人工复垦和自然恢复煤矸石山以及忻州窑自然恢复煤矸石山为研究对象,采用IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序技术对三座煤矸石山土壤AM真菌群落组成进行分析,并测定其土壤理化性质,以探究不同地点煤矸石山不同复垦方式下土壤中丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AM真菌）群落组成的差异及其土壤影响因子。结果表明：晋华宫人工复垦煤矸石山和忻州窑自然恢复煤矸石山AM真菌多样性指数（Chao指数和香农-威纳指数）存在显著差异,但晋华宫人工复垦和自然恢复煤矸石山AM真菌群落的多样性指数差异不显著。试验共检测到67个AM真菌OTUs,可鉴定到3个AM真菌属级分类单元,其中球囊霉属（Glomus）在晋华宫人工复垦煤矸石山、晋华宫自然恢复煤矸石山和忻州窑自然恢复煤矸石山中均为最优势菌,多样孢囊霉属（Diversispora）、类球囊霉属（Paraglomus）仅出现在晋华宫自然恢复煤矸石山。多元置换方差分析和多维尺度分析结果表明,晋华宫两种恢复方式的煤矸石山之间AM真菌群落组成差异不显著,而晋华宫与忻州窑两个地点的煤矸石山AM真菌群落组成差异显著。AM...     

Effects of cropland abandonment and afforestation on soil redistribution in a small Mediterranean mountain catchment

In slopes of Mediterranean mid-mountain areas, land use and land cover changes linked to the abandonment of cropland activity affect soil quality and degradation and soil redistribution; however, limited attention has been paid to this issue at catchment scale. This paper evaluates the effects of cropland abandonment and post-land abandonment management (through natural revegetation and afforestation) on soil redistribution rates using fallout ¹³⁷Cs measurements in the Araguás catchment (0.45 km², Central Spanish Pyrenees). A total of 52 soil core samples, distributed in a regular grid, from the first 30–40 cm and 9 sectioned reference samples were collected across the catchment and soil properties were analysed. Fallout ¹³⁷Cs was measured in a 5 cm sectioned references samples and in bulk grid samples. ¹³⁷Cs inventories were used to estimate soil erosion and deposition rates across the catchment. Results show that the highest erosion rates were recorded under sparsely vegetated sites in the badland area, while the lowest rates were found in the afforested area, but no significant differences were observed between the different uses and covers in soil redistribution rates likely due to a long history of human intervention through cultivation in steep slopes and afforestation practices. However, the recovery of the soil organic matter in afforested areas suggest that afforestation can reduce soil degradation at long-term scale. The information gained achieve a better understanding of soil redistribution dynamics and provide knowledge for effective land management after cropland abandonment of agroecosystems in Mediterranean mountain areas.     

黔中废弃煤矿区酸性排水污染特征及对作物种苗生长的影响

通过对贵阳市花溪区麦坪乡废弃煤矿区酸性排水进行样品收集与分析,探讨煤矿酸性排水的污染特征及对作物种苗生长的影响。研究结果表明,在煤矿附近50～350m距离内溪沟水pH变化达2.35～6.3,污染物主要以SO24-、Fe、Mn为主;矸石堆洼地蓄积水完全抑制两种植物的萌发;距井口50m溪沟水和距井口30m农田水处理油菜都表现为种子发芽后发霉死亡;距井口100m处溪沟水和距井口30m农田水处理油菜和水稻的种子发芽率、幼苗鲜重和干重、发芽指数和简化活力指数与对照(蒸馏水处理)之间均存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。煤矿酸性排水胁迫下,水稻各项指标变幅低于油菜,说明物种耐性强度为水稻>油菜。     

太行山区旱地谷子推荐施肥量的确定及其水分利用效率研究

采用D最优饱和设计方法并回归建模对太行山区旱地谷子推荐施肥量及提高降水利用效率进行了研究。结果表明：最佳经济效益下的推荐施肥量N＝207．0kg／hm~2，P_2O_5＝292.4kg／hm~2。目前产量水平下，氮磷配施（N：P_2O_5＝1：1．41）不施钾肥具有明显的增产高效效果。依据最佳经济效益推荐地肥量，较未施肥谷子产量提高72．5％，降水利用效率提高3．78kg／hm~2·mm。     

缙云山植被群落对土壤温度变化的影响研究

通过比较缙云山灌草丛,马尾松前期,马尾松后期,针阔混交林,常绿阔叶林5个阶段土壤温度在不同季节、土层深度的变化,研究了植被群落对其变化的影响。结果表明：（1）各阶段土壤温度与气温的季节变化趋势一致。同时随植被演替进展,当外界气温约〉20℃时,各阶段降温效应增强。外界气温约〈10℃时,各植被群落保温效应增强,且各阶段最热月与最冷月的土温差也逐渐减小。（2）在外界气温较高时,各阶段土温随土层加深而不断降低,且降低的幅度越来越小,同时各层温度随着演替进展呈规律性下降。但在外界气温较低时,各阶段土温（除灌草丛外）随土层深度的增加出现较小幅度的回升,且随着演替进行,其回升的幅度逐渐增大。     

燃煤硫污染及固硫研究

从理论上探讨了在煤的燃烧过程中ＳＯ２的生成机理以及减少燃煤ＳＯ２污染的途径，并在此基础上，对影响燃煤固硫效益的主要因素－钙硫比，炉内温度，燃烧时间，固硫剂等进行了初步实验研究，确定了钙硫比的最佳值，掌握了固硫的规律，给出了废渣固硫剂的利用原则。     

云南省新构造运动与土壤形成及分布的关系

 云南在高原面及若干河谷高阶地上,有富铝化作用甚强的古红土,且纬度愈高,分布的海拔愈高,这与常理不符,它与各地新构造运动上升量的差异有关.新构造运动观点可圆满解释: 红色盆地的分布状况、红色盆地内紫色土的淋溶程度差异、无量山主峰的形成,昆明山字型构造对土壤发育的影响、砖红壤与燥红土等土壤的形成规律等等.云南全境受新构造运动影响深刻,导致土壤分布复杂,本文对此做了"土壤四度空间分布"概念的分析.     

Landscape architecture and environment improvement of coal enterprises

The coal enterprise's spoiled environment situation was analyzed in this paper. The coal enterprises'environment conditions must be improved under the trend of sustainable development and economic globalization. And it is important for using landscape architecture techniques to improve coal enterprises'environmental conditions. Four principles should be followed to improve the coal enterprises' environment by landscape architect were pointed out.